Abstract

Sulfur dioxide is a popular conserving agent and antioxidant in winemaking. Unfortunately, it is bad for human health. Some yeast strains can reduce the dose of sulfur dioxide. Such yeasts should have good fermentation activity and dominate when inoculated into grape must. In addition, it should not synthesize sulfur dioxide and SO₂-binding substances. The synthesis of sulfur dioxide and carbonyl compounds by yeast is related to the mechanisms of sulfur dioxide detoxification. The research objective was to study the relationship between the resistance of yeast to sulfur dioxide and its ability to synthesize sulfur dioxide and acetaldehyde during growth.
The study featured 17 yeast strains of the genus Saccharomyces. The yeasts were cultivated on grape must in a CGQ device until the stationary growth phase. The concentration of free and bound forms of sulfur dioxide was determined by titration, while that of aldehydes was determined by bisulfite method. The sulfite resistance of strains was measured by the growth response of yeast cells to sulfur dioxide using CGQ technology.
Yeast strains differed in the degree of sulfur dioxide resistance. The samples were divided according to the increase in the lag phase time: by ≥ 8 h (sensitive), by 2–6 h, without changes (resistant). At Wilks L = 0.228 and α = 0.05, the sensitive cultures in a SO₂-free medium had the highest value of minimal generation time in the exponential growth phase (5.3 ± 2.1 h). The resistant samples demonstrated the highest synthesis of acetaldehyde (54.7 ± 11.1 mg/L) and sulfur dioxide (21.0 ± 10.3 mg/L). The second group cultures had the lowest content of SO₂-bound forms in the medium (10.9 ± 4.2 mg/L) and were in an interposition in terms of other indicators.
The time it takes a yeast strain to adapt to sulfur dioxide can be used as a parameter for the primary culture selection in eco-winemaking. According to the physiological and biochemical profile, the resistant strains can be recommended for the production of SO₂-low wines, while the samples from the second test group proved optimal for organic wines. Further research will expand the range of yeast strains and their indicators.

Keywords

Yeasts, CGQ technology, lag phase, generation, synthesis, acetaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, eco-winemaking

Contribution

E.V. Ostroukhova supervised the project. I.V. Peskova analyzed and processed experimental data. T.N. Tanashchuk performed the microbiological research and processed the results. N.Yu. Lutkova and M.A. Vyugina were responsible for the experiments.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to the staff of the Laboratory of Microbiology of the All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the RAS for providing yeast cultures from their Collection of Winemaking Microorganisms, as well as to all colleagues involved in the publication preparation.

FUNDING

The research was performed on the premises of the All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” of the RAS (“Magarach”), public assignment No. 0833-2019-022.

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