Abstract

Advanced food production relies heavily on functional additives. Polysaccharides are functional food additives that combine the technological properties of thickeners, stabilizers, and emulsifiers. The absence of domestic cellulose and hemicellulose production remains a significant barrier to import substitution in Russia. This article introduces new processing technologies for producing commercial cellulose and hemicellulose from depectinized and delignified sugar beet pulp.
The experiment featured the effect of such variables as sodium hydroxide concentration and processing time on the efficiency of hemicellulose extraction. The obtained cellulose and hemicellulose were tested for the effect of washing on purity, as well as the effect of hydrochloric acid treatment on cellulose yield. The sensory and physicochemical tests involved standard research methods.
The most effective production conditions were as follows. Hemicellulose was extracted with a 2% sodium hydroxide solution at 25°C for 3 h and washed with 70% ethanol. Cellulose was treated with a 15% hydrochloric acid solution for at 60°C 5 h.
The resulting cellulose and hemicellulose met the sensory and physicochemical standards in all aspects but raw material.
Beet pulp proved to be a promising source of cellulose and hemicellulose with good import substitution and recycling prospects. However, the use of beet cellulose and hemicellulose in the food industry requires updating the existing regulatory documentation.

Keywords

Sugar beet pulp, cellulose, hemicelluloses, hydrolysis, extraction, mineral acid, alkali, food additives

References

1. Zakharova LM, Abushahmanova LV. Low-fat butter: Production and technological features. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2019;49(2):209–215. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-2-209-215
2. Ivanova GV, Chesnokov NV, Eliseenko TG. Multicomponent formulations for special nutrition. Bulletin KSAU. 2013;(4):176–179. (In Russ.) https://elibrary.ru/PZBNMD
3. Galushina PS. Dietary fiber in meat production. Trends in Science and Education. 2023;(7):206–208. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18411/trnio-11-2023-453
4. Chen Y, Fu Q, Jin W, Shen W, Li J. Improving the quality of steamed rice bread using micro-cellulose as fillers: Effect of particle size. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2025;362:123663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123663
5. Ren Y, Linter BR, Foster TJ. Starch replacement in gluten free bread by cellulose and fibrillated cellulose. Food Hydrocolloids. 2020;107:105957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105957
6. Zhou L, Zhang W, Wang J. Recent advances in the study of modified cellulose in meat products: Modification method of cellulose, meat quality improvement and safety concern. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2022;122:140–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.024
7. Quijano L, Rodrigues R, Fischer D, Tovar-Castro JD, Payne A, et al. Bacterial cellulose cookbook: A systematic review on sustainable and cost-effective substrates. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 2024;9(4):379–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2024.05.003
8. Pulatov DI. Dietary fiber in prevention and treatment of chronic constipation. Issues of Gastroenterology. 2022;(1):43–50. (In Russ.)
9. Prabsangob N. Plant-based cellulose nanomaterials for food products with lowered energy uptake and improved nutritional value-a review. NFS Journal. 2023; 31:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2023.03.002
10. He L, Guan Q-Q, Peng L-C, Chen K-L, Chai X-S. Improvement of alkali efficiency for purification of dissolving pulp by a modified cold caustic extraction process. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017;178:412–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.085
11. Tsareva MA. Hemicellulose structure of cell walls in fruit and vegetable raw materials. Chemistry of plant raw materials. 2022;(1):35–52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2022019366
12. Ottah VE, Ezugwu AL, Ezike TC, Chilaka FC. Comparative analysis of alkaline-extracted hemicelluloses from Beech, African rose and Agba woods using FTIR and HPLC. Heliyon. 2022;8(6):e09714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09714
13. Najjoum N, Grimi N, Benali M, Chadni M, Castignolles P. Extraction and chemical features of wood hemicelluloses: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;311(4):143681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143681
14. Kvikant M, Dax D, Toivakka M, Filonenko S, Xu C. Amphiphilic hemicellulose derivatives as stabilizers in oil-in-water emulsions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;309(4):143094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143094
15. Li S, Duan Y, Fang J, Chen S, Wang J, Jiang H, et. al. Soybean hull hemicellulose–soybean protein isolate composite aerogel: Adsorption material for remediation of heavy metal-polluted water. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;310(2):143298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143298
16. Ivanov YuS, Nikandrov AB, Kuznetsov AG. Sulfate cellulose production. Part 1. St. Petersburg: Higher School of Technical Engineering, St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design; 2017. 77 p. (In Russ.)
17. Aldosari OF, Jabli M, Morad MH. Chemical extraction of cellulose from Ligno-cellulosic Astragalus armatus pods: Characterization, and application to the biosorption of methylene blue. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2023;16(6):105019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105019
18. Wardhono E, Kustiningsih I, Yustanti E, Kurniawan B, Sukamto D, et al. Enhanced cellulose extraction from delignified oil palm empty fruit bunches using sequential ultrasound-microwave processing. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2025;54:179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2025.07.015
19. Khan MN, Ahmad A, Rehman N, Kelestemur S, Tariq M, et al. Extraction and characterization of cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals from the stalks of Marrubium vulgare plant. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2025;11:100947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100947
20. Raza M, Abu-Jdayil B. Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from date seeds using transition metal complex-assisted hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;294:139477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139477
21. Judith R-BD, Pámanes-Carrasco GA, Delgado E, Rodríguez-Rosales MDJ, Medrano-Roldán H, et al. Extraction optimization and molecular dynamic simulation of cellulose nanocrystals obtained from bean forage. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2022;43:102443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102443
22. Macarez A-C, Maalej H, Drobek M, Pochat-Bohatier C, Maalej A, et al. From olive stones waste to valuable resource: Exploring various techniques for cellulose extraction. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2025;13(5):118204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.118204
23. Woldie WA, Shibeshi NT, Kuffi KD. Optimization of cellulose nanocrystals extraction from teff straw using acid hydrolysis followed by ultrasound sonication. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2025;9:100707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100707
24. Wulan PPDK, Ismojo, Khumaeroh, Syabila AN, Handayani AS, et al. Sustainable extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from empty palm oil bunches via low-acid hydrolysis. Results in Engineering. 2024;24:103012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103012
25. Bragagnolo FS, Santos PH, Funari CS, Rostagno MA, Exploring the potential of soy by-products: extraction strategies and bioactivity enhancement. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2025;64:101319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2025.101319.
26. Hutterer C, Schild G, Potthast A. A precise study on effects that trigger alkaline hemicellulose extraction efficiency. Bioresource Technology. 2016;214:460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.114
27. Rodríguez-Sanz A, Fuciños C, Míguez M, Rúa ML, Torrado AM. Direct enzymatic hydrolysis of solid wheat straw with endo-xylanases: Effect of the temperature on the hemicellulose release and the product profile modulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2024;270(2):132211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132211
28. Djalal M, Nafissa M, Mansour R, Jawaid M, Hocine M, Lamia B. Effect of alkali treatment on new lignocellulosic fibres from the stem of the Aster squamatus plant. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2024;32:2882–2890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.08.104
29. Zhang J, Wang Y-H, Qu Y-S, Wei Q-Y, Li H-Q. Effect of the organizational difference of corn stalk on hemicellulose extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018;112:698–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.007
30. Wang X, Liu Y, Luo S, Liu B, Yao S, et al. Structural characteristics of hemicelluloses and lignin-carbohydrate complexes in alkaline-extracted bamboo green, core, and yellow. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 2025;10(3):386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2025.01.004
31. Li H-Y, Sun S-N, Zhou X, Peng F, Sun R-C. Structural characterization of hemicelluloses and topochemical changes in Eucalyptus cell wall during alkali ethanol treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2015;123:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.066.
32. Sun S-L, Wen J-L, Ma M-G, Sun R-C. Successive alkali extraction and structural characterization of hemicelluloses from sweet sorghum stem. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2013;92(2):2224–2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.098
33. Gribkova IN, Kharlamova LN, Sevostianova EM, Lazareva IV, Zakharov MA, et al. Extracting organic compounds from brewer's spent grain by various methods. Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. 2022;52(3):469–489. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2022-3-2383
34. Sun S-C, Sun D, Cao X-F. Effect of integrated treatment on enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cocksfoot grass and the structural characteristics of co‑produced hemicelluloses. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2021;14(88). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01944-8
35. Sabatini F, Maresca E, Aulitto M, Termopoli V, De Risi A, et al. Exploiting agri-food residues for kombucha tea and bacterial cellulose production. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025;302:140293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140293
36. Donchenko LV. Beet pulp as a reliable industrial source of pectin in Russia. Sugar. 2018;7:46–49. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/XWFGPB
37. Donchenko LV, Lastkov DO. Advanced deep processing of beet pulp. Sugar. 2023:2;40–45. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2413-5518-2023-2-40-45
38. Abou-Elseoud WS, Hassan EA, Hassan ML. Extraction of pectin from sugar beet pulp by enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted treatments. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2021;2:100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100042
39. Abou-Elseoud WS, Abdel-karim AM, Hassan EA, Hassan ML. Enzyme- and acid-extracted sugar beet pectin as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 2021;2:100072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100072
40. Ermakov AI. Biochemical methods in plant research. Leningrad: Agropromizdat; 1987. 429 p (In Russ.)