Аннотация

Воздействия вредных факторов на иммунную систему человека может провоцировать развитие различных заболеваний. Для поддержания нормального функционирования иммунной системы разработаны особые вещества – иммуномодуляторы. Перспективными иммуномодуляторами являются биологически активные вещества (БАВ) лекарственных растений, для извлечения которых используется метод экстракции. Цель работы – обзор методов экстрагирования БАВ-иммуномодуляторов из растительного сырья.
Объектом исследования являлись научные и обзорные статьи по теме исследования, опубликованные с 2019 по 2023 гг. и индексируемые в российских и зарубежных базах данных Scopus, Web of Science и eLIBRARY.RU. Поиск осуществлялся на английском и русском языках.
Эффективность процесса экстракции зависит от множества факторов: выбора растворителя, температуры и размера частиц. Ключевую роль играет выбор метода экстракции. К традиционным методам экстракции относят перколяцию, мацерацию, экстракцию Сокслета, экстракцию тепловым рефлюксом и отвар; они характеризуются большим расходом растворителя, высокой стоимостью процесса и т. д. Для устранения недостатков традиционных методов разработаны современные методы экстракции – сверхкритическая экстракция, экстракция под действием микроволн, ультразвуковая экстракция и экстракция под давлением. Для извлечения БАВ из женьшеня настоящего (Panax ginseng) в научных работах используются современные методы экстракции, из люцерны посевной (Medicago sativa) – экстракция углекислым газом. Также этот метод применяют для выделения полифенола кверцетина из плодов айвы (Cydonia oblonga). Мацерацию с растворителем метанолом используют для получения экстрактов из таволги вязолистой (Filipendula ulmaria). Экстракцию Сокслета применяют для извлечения БАВ из скумпии кожевенной (Cotinus coggygria), пальчатокоренника пятнистого (Dactylorhiza maculata) и любки зелёноцветной (Platanthera chloranthа).
Традиционные и современные методы экстракции находят свое применение и активно используются для получения экстрактов растений, содержащих биологически активные вещества иммуномодулирующего действия.

Ключевые слова

Лекарственные растения, биологически активные вещества, иммуномодуляторы, экстракция, методы экстракции, растворитель

ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ

Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (РНФ), грант № 23-16-00113.

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