Аннотация

Повышение продуктивности основных сельскохозяйственных культур (пшеницы, ячменя и овса) является актуальной проблемой. Урожайность данных культур во многом зависит от плодородия почвы. Недостаток биогенных веществ в почвах восполняют минеральными удобрениями, которые при неправильном применении неэкологичны и малоэффективны. Обеспечить растения необходимыми питательными элементами способны микроорганизмы. Цель данной работы – выделение эндофитных микроорганизмов, обладающих ростостимулирующими свойствами, а также оценка их влияния на рост пшеницы, ячменя и овса. Объектами исследования являлись яровая мягкая пшеница сорта «Сибирский Альянс», яровой овес сорта «Маручак», яровой ячмень сорта «Никита» и стандартные штаммы бактерий (Azospirillum brasilense В-11094 и Azotobacter chrococcum В-8739). Выделенные бактерии идентифицировали с помощью автоматического микробиологического анализатора Vitex 2 Compact. Способность изолятов микроорганизмов продуцировать индолил-3-уксусную и гиббереллиновую кислоты оценивали спектрофотометрическими методами. Способность к фиксации азота штаммами определяли с помощью Rapid N Cube. Способность изолятов солюбилизировать фосфаты тестировали на среде, содержащей кальций фосфорнокислый. Влияние наиболее перспективных штаммов на сельскохозяйственные культуры оценивали в лабораторных условиях. Выделено и идентифицировано 7 изолятов эндофитных микроорганизмов, таких как Pantoea allii Tri, Bacillus subtilis Tri 2, Bacillus subtilis Ave 1, Pantoea allii Ave 2, Bacillus subtilis Hor 1, Bacillus subtilis Hor 2, Bacillus subtilis Hor 3. Изучены ростостимулирующие свойства штаммов и отобраны наиболее перспективные. Штамм Bacillus subtilis Ave 1 продуцировал 7100 мкг/мл индолил-3-уксусной и 343 мкг/мл гиббереллиновой кислот, фиксировал 790 мкг/мл азота, солюбилизировал фосфаты (индекс 1,60). Bacillus subtilis Hor 1 демонстрировал способность к синтезу 4490 мкг/мл индолил-3-уксусной и 409 мкг/мл гиббереллиновой кислот, фиксировал азот в количестве 760 мкг/мл, а также солюбилизировал фосфаты (индекс 1,44). Лабораторная апробация штаммов показала, что наибольшей ростостимулирующей активностью обладает штамм Bacillus subtilis Ave 1. Выделенный в ходе работы штамм обладает способностью к синтезу фитогормонов, фиксирует атмосферный азот и солюбилизирует фосфаты. Лабораторная апробация показала, что штамм увеличивает длину побега и корня пшеницы и ячменя, а также повышает всхожесть, энергию прорастания и длину побега у овса. Это обуславливает высокие перспективы применения выделенного штамма в сельском хозяйстве.

Ключевые слова

Овес, пшеница, ячмень, эндофитные микроорганизмы, Bacillus, Pantoea, Azotobacter, Azospirillum

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