Аннотация

К основным факторам, снижающим эффективность перорального применения биопептидов и белков относятся ферментативная деградация в ЖКТ, прохождение через слизистый слой, селективный барьер из эпителиальных клеток, кислая среда желудка и низкий период полувыведения. В связи с этим биологически активные белковые молекулы не могут эффективно использоваться в качестве функциональных пищевых ингредиентов в составе продуктов питания профилактического и лечебного назначения. Цель исследования – проанализировать научные направления и стратегии, способствующие решению проблемы нестабильности пептидов и белков в ЖКТ при пероральном применении.
Объектами исследования выступали научные публикации, посвященные пероральному применению, стабильности и биодоступности пептидов и белков в ЖКТ. Проведен систематический поиск в базах данных eLIBRARY.RU, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Europe PMC, Scopus, Web of Science и Google Scholar за период 2020–2025 гг. (с включением фундаментальных более ранних работ). Из 1346 первоначально найденных результатов после ручного отбора в обзор включено 116 статей, касающихся повышения стабильности белков и пептидов в ЖКТ.
Установлено, что инкапсуляция пептидов в липидные (твердые липидные наночастицы, наноструктурированные липидные носители, липосомы) и полимерные наноносители повышает стабильность и биодоступность при пероральном применении. Клеточно-проникающие пептиды и их интеграция с различными носителями лекарственных средств позволяют создавать многофункциональные системы доставки. Перспективным направлением является использование модифицированных микроорганизмов (модифицированных живых биотерапевтических продуктов) для адресной доставки пептидов и белков. Разрабатываются методы амплификации матриксных белков, а также стратегии создания пептидов для перорального введения с применением ингибиторов протеаз, усилителей проницаемости, химической модификации и циклизации.
В результате собственных исследований получен нативный противовирусный пептид. Его инкапсулирование в мальтодекстрин повысило стабильность в кишечнике на модели in vitro в 1,8 раза. Также синтезированы новые циклические биопептиды и рекомбинантный белок, доказано их биологическое действие в экспериментах in vitro.

Ключевые слова

Пептиды, белки, пероральная доставка, клеточно-проникающие пептиды, усовершенствованная микробная терапия, усилители проницаемости, полимерные системы, инкапсуляция, липидные носители

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